The name of the alkali metal group derives from the Arabic word ‘al qali’, which means ‘from ashes’.Alkali metals have a single electron on their outer shell, while all the noble gases (the Group 8 elements in the periodic table including helium, neon, argon) have a full valence band with no unpaired electron to cause a reaction with other molecules. How are alkali metals different from noble gases?Īns. As a result, together they react to form ionic compounds like sodium chloride (NaCl) and potassium chloride (Kcl). chlorine, bromine, fluorine etc) have seven valence electrons, meaning they try to gain 1 more electron to become stable. Having 1 valence electron, the alkali metals try to get rid of it to achieve stability, while halogens (e.g. Why are halogens and alkali metals likely to form ion?Īns. Since losing 2 electrons needs more energy than losing one, the alkaline earth metals are less reactive than the alkali metals. Despite having some similarities in their physical properties, they are placed in different groups mainly because the alkaline earth metals have two electrons in the outermost shell of their atom. Alkaline earth metals are the Group 2 elements in the periodic table. What is the difference between alkali metals and alkaline earth metals?Īns. H can also gain an electron to form negatively charged ions, like the elements in the halogen group.It is also much less reactive, needing more energy for it to release that single electron to form positively charged ions.Despite having a single electron in its outermost shell, hydrogen (H) is not considered to be an alkali metal because: Why Is hydrogen not considered an alkali metal?Īns. Sodium and potassium are the most abundant alkali metals.ģ. What are the most abundant alkali metals?Īns. Being highly reactive, alkali metals in their pure form have to be stored in oil to keep them from coming in contact with air and water. Fr does not have any regular application as it is rarely present in nature. The top three elements of the group, Li, Na, and K, along with Cs, have different applications in various industries including glass-making, photography, weapons and explosives, and batteries Sodium compounds have some everyday uses in food processing and preparation. Video: Reactivity and Periodic Trends of the Alkali Metals What are the Alkali Metals Used for Increasing reactivity (due to the increase in atomic radius, it is easier to knock out the valence electron in the elements located lower down the group, making Li the least reactive, and Francium the most reactive alkali metal).Increasing density and weight with Li being the lightest and Fr being the heaviest (though sodium and potassium are an exception as the latter is less dense than the former).Decreasing melting and boiling points.The lower down Group 1 on the periodic table you move, the following trends are apparent in the alkali metals: The heat resulting from the reaction ignites the hydrogen atoms produced, causing a considerable explosion. The final equation stands like the following:Įxamples of some other alkali metal-water reaction: The Na + and OH – ions are quite unstable in the aqueous solution, so they form sodium hydroxide. sodium (Na) comes in contact with water, the sole valence electron leaves the sodium atom and the reaction forms hydroxide and sodium ions along with hydrogen : These elements readily react with even the oxygen in the air to form oxides that make their shiny surface turn pale gray within moments if left in open air.
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There are several reasons for this, one of which was that they were ridiculed by a person who had been one of the leading investigators of such gradients, Thomas Hunt Morgan ( 5 ). Until they were resurrected in the laboratory of Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, "gradients" had been a "dirty word" for decades ( 4 ). Here we have to digress briefly to discuss the concept of gradients in embryology. Two major sets of models were generated to explain these results. The blastopore lips from the early gastrula stages induced the most archencephalic (anterior) structures, whereas the blastopore lips of later embryos caused the differentiation of the more posterior neural elements. To further study the organizer phenomenon, Holtfreter ( 3a ) made a blastopore "sandwich," enclosing the dorsal blastopore lip between slices of undifferentiated ectoderm. Early dorsal blastopore lips gave rise to head structures late dorsal blastopore lips induced new tails. This could also be seen by transplanting the tissue at the time when it comprised the dorsal blastopore lip ( 3 ). When transplanted into the blastocoel of early gastrulae, the anteriormost mesoderm induced cement glands and eyes, posterior-most mesoderm induced tails, and the intermediate mesoderm induced the appropriate intermediate structures. Otto Mangold ( 2 ) showed that the regional position of the blastopore lip-derived dorsal mesoderm determined the anterior-posterior specification of the neural tube. Thus, some other factors are needed (Waddington's "individuators") to specify the regionality of forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord. When induced by non-specific evocators, anterior neural tissue usually forms (Nieuwkoop, 1 ). A Selective History of Induction IV Regional specificity Tip: In any game mode, touch and hold any of the paints on the left to reveal a colour selection window, allowing you to customise the available colours for that particular painting. User preference and ability should dictate the selection again, but for the first play we recommend the the fourth box (traditional colour by numbers). Game Mode 2 - of the eight smaller boxes (left to right), the first is colour by shape, the second is colour by colour, the third is colour by letters, the fourth is traditional colour by numbers, the fifth, sixth and seventh are colour by maths (addition, subtraction and both) and the eighth is a simplified colour by numbers that requires fewer interactions and less precise control. User preference and ability should dictate the selection, but if playing for the first time, we recommend the left box (normal). Game Mode 1 - of the three larger boxes, the left box is the normal mode, the middle box is of a higher difficulty with more intricate detail, and the right box is an easier, 'free-colour' mode. These are our recommended settings when introducing the game: For information on how to do this for the Android tablet, click here.Īccess the settings by tapping on the small 'wheel' icon in the upper left corner of the screen. For information on how to do this for the Apple iPad, read our step-by-step guide. Tip: In-App Purchases do require a password before completion, but they can be completely restricted on your device, if preferred. Given that the free version of the app provides full-functionality for three pictures, without adverts, we recommend downloading this version first and then buying the premium version later if the app is enjoyed. However, there are some design elements that have the potential to be problematic, for example, some pictures contain very small parts that require precise control to fill, the menu items aren't labelled and there are several on-screen buttons that could disrupt the user's experience by moving to a different screen ('Shop' and 'Settings'), changing the picture, or resetting the picture without warning. Also, the app is marketed as being designed for children, but it is our opinion that the app’s contents are not overly child-like or stigmatising, particularly when compared with many other examples in this genre. Learn numbers from 1 to 20 while having fun. Color by Number is a counting game for Kindergarten and preschool in which you can color using a number-color key to color the picture according to given directions. Identify the number and use the color key to color the picture. The design of the app is bright and clean with large interactive elements and a calm soundtrack (that can be muted if preferred). Have fun with colors as you practice your number recognition skills. controlling the number of shapes that can be coloured, using colour markers instead of numbers, or choosing a ‘free colour’ mode (see below for our recommended settings). Multiple customisation options provide the choice of following the traditional paint-by-numbers ‘rules’ or adjusting the complexity to increase or decrease the challenge e.g. This app presents a colouring activity in the paint-by-numbers genre, allowing users to transform a picture from black and white to colour in a structured and ‘failure-free’ format. 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Even if you have an overwhelming numbers advantage in a fight, if your army’s composition isn’t right for what you’re up against, you can see your forces decimated, so tactical retreats can be necessary, your base usually sturdy enough to stand up to an enemy push save when your opposition has managed to gain the upper hand and develop better units than you. Flying units can move around the map with ease, but specialized units can take them down, and there’s an easy to understand range of counters the game explains in its unit creation menus. Depending on the unit, they all have different advantages and disadvantages reflected in their cost to create, with things like tanks being expensive and slow but hard for other units to take down if they’re not heavy duty weaponry themselves. Whether they be ground troops, cars, tanks, or flying warships, most of your forces will have a basic ranged attack and a secondary function that usually takes the form of a stronger explosive strike, although that’s not universal of course. Telling them where to go, who to attack, and whether or not to use special skills the units have is simple as well, especially since individual troops usually have only a few functions. You can select them one by one of course, but you can also select troops in a small radius, select all troops currently visible on your screen, and command all your troops at once. Naturally, a controller will never be able to match how easy troop selection is with a computer mouse, but Halo Wars: Definitive Edition has many different options to help you select different members of your forces before giving them orders. You can often find new staging points to build new bases, but tactical considerations evolve from that as well, as a forward position might be a better building area for slow vehicles so they’re on the front line faster.īesides the constant consideration of what you’re building and what troops you’re creating, you’ll also need to command soldiers as they fight out in the field. Buildings are also necessary for things like technological upgrades that will let you build more effective units or research upgrades, but then for things like troop training and vehicle construction, you must also have the appropriate locations in your base. Resource accumulation is thus incredibly important, and while you can find a bit in the environment and start with a good amount in most situations, a lot of its gradual acquisition involves you building special attachments to the base to generate supplies. You will always start with one base to get things rolling, but from there the player needs to be smart about what new buildings they build, how many resources they spend creating forces to defend it, and they need to balance their own forward pushes to take down the enemy while ensuring that they aren’t spread too thin and left vulnerable. Shifting away from Halo’s usual approach of focusing on one soldier tearing through the ranks of the enemy, Halo Wars has the player in control of military strategy, their focus on tasks like establishing bases and allocating resources towards troop deployment and vehicle construction in order to help push back against the enemy’s forces. The first spin-off game for the Halo series would choose to make things a bit more tactical, with the Xbox 360’s Halo Wars taking the franchise into the real-time strategy genre, and now with Halo Wars: Definitive Edition, all the DLC has been rolled into the base package to be enjoyed on the more modern Xbox One. 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